ANSWERING GOD
Introduction
The human, in a classic definition, is the tool-making creature, homofaber. We are not animals, living by sheer instinct, in immediate touch with our environment. We are not angels, living by sheer intelligence, with unmediated access to God. We are creatures, heavily involved with tools. Unlike animals, we use knife and fork to get food to our mouths, and hammer and saw to build a home for ourselves. Unlike the angels, we use the scriptures to hear what God says to us, and the sacraments to receive his life among us.
The human, in another definition, is the creature that prays, homo pecator. The two definitions are the same. Prayer is technology. Prayers are tools.
Tools, though, are not the most important thing about us; God is: God in action creating, redeeming, and blessing. God makes the universe. God comes incarnate in Christ. God pours out his Spirit on creatures and creation.
And tools are not the most evident thing about us; we are: the way our bodies function and our minds work, making love and making a living, our feelings of goodness and awfulness, asking questions about our origins and ends, sometimes believing and sometimes doubting the answers that we receive.
But in the business of being human, even though neither most important or most evident, tools are required. Every distinctive human behavior requires tools: farming, loving, cooking, learning, building, believing. Some tools are made of wood, some of metal, some of words. A tool that is made of words is no less a tool than one made of steel. Prayer is a tool that is made, mostly, of words.
All the tools are essential: the plow for farming, the book for learning, pots for cooking, prayers for believing. All the sources of our action – body, mind, spirit – are dependent on tools. Every part of our humanity is in the tool-using business. Life is the issue, human life: living well, living whole in a world in which God is in action. To live as a human being means that we use tools. Animals get by without tools, and angels get by without tools, but humans need tools. We live well or badly by means of the tools we have and how well we use them.
Tools for Being and Becoming
Prayers are tools, but with this clarification: prayers are not tools for doing or getting, but for being and becoming. In our largely externalized culture, we are urgently presented with tools that enable us to do things (a machine, for instance, to clean the carpet), and to get things (a computer, for instance, to get information). We are also well trained in their use. We are not so readily offered tools that enable our being and becoming human. We are accustomed to think of our age as conspicuously technological. But the largest area of the human continent is impoverished technologically. The vaunted technologies of our day are used only along the shoreline of the human condition; the vast interiors are bereft. The consequence is that, lacking adequate tools (a technology), most people don’t venture into these interiors, at least not very far. Life is constricted on the boundary, between ocean and wilderness, where a narrow competence in doing and getting is exercised.
At the center of the whole enterprise of being human, prayers are the primary technology. Prayers are tools that God uses to work his will in our bodies and souls. Prayers are tools that we use to collaborate in his work with us.
For the tool-making, tool-using creatures who venture into the ocean depths of being and journey into the wilderness frontiers of becoming, making and being made into eternal habitations, the Psalms are the requisite toolbox. The Psalms are the best tools available for working the faith—one hundred and fifty carefully crafted prayers that deal with the great variety of operations that God carries on in us and attend to all the parts of our lives that are, at various times and in different ways, rebelling and trusting, hurting and praising. People of faith take possession of the Psalms with the same attitude and for the same reason that gardeners gather up rake and hoe on their way to the vegetable patch, and students carry paper and pencil as they enter a lecture hall. It is a simple matter of practicality—acquiring the tools for carrying out the human work at hand.
Two things are notable about the Psalms. One is that in the practice of prayer they have been marked by an extravagant claim. The other is that in the history of prayer they stand out with an awkward singularity.
An Extravagant Claim
The extravagant claim is that the Psalms are necessary. Is “necessary” too strong a word? They are not necessary to salvation— “by grace you have been saved through faith; and this is not your own doing, it is the gift of God—not because of works, lest anyone should boast” (Eph. 2:8-9). Our prayers, whether clumsy or skilled, heretical or orthodox, verbatim from the Psalter or ad libbed from a sinking ship, get us no merit with God. Nor are the Psalms necessary to validate our prayer as genuine — God hears anything we whisper or shout, say or sing. Right words and correct forms are not prerequisite to a heavenly audience. God is not fastidious in these matters.
All the same, they are necessary. The consensus on this, throughout the church’s praying life, is impressive. If we wish to develop in the life of faith, to mature in our humanity, and to glorify God with our entire heart, mind, soul, and strength, the Psalms are necessary. We cannot bypass the Psalms. They are God’s gift to train us in prayer that is comprehensive (not patched together from emotional fragments scattered around that we chance upon) and honest (not a series of more or less sincere verbal poses that we think might please our Lord).
The Psalms are necessary because they are the prayer masters. What is a master?
“Not one who one imitates, emulates even, but rather, a powerful presence acknowledged, looked up to in all weathers, A mountain. A great upheaval of rock and earth. Contours, declivities, the tufted ridge that defines the horizon, curly bloom of foggy woods, a rock face far up implying ‘the sounding cataract’ .... The mountain is master of the landscape in which it is a presence. One does not emulate such a master, except by being more oneself.”
We apprentice ourselves to these masters, acquiring facility in using the tools, by which we become more and more ourselves.
If we are willfully ignorant of the Psalms, we are not thereby excluded from praying, but we will have to hack our way through formidable country by trial and error and with inferior tools. If we dismiss the Psalms, preferring a more up-to-date and less demanding school of prayer, we will not be without grace, but we will miss the center where Christ worked in his praying. Christ prayed the Psalms — the Christian community was early convinced that he continues praying them through us as we pray them: “we recite this prayer of the Psalm in Him, and He recites it in us.”
An Awkward Singularity
The awkward singularity is that the Psalms to not “fit” into a form people naturally gravitate to in prayer. In the history of prayer, the Psalms are queer fish.
Most students of the human condition agree that prayer is basic to our existence. Prayer reaches into the unknown for whatever we sense, deep within us, will provide wholeness, or for what we hope, far off, will bring salvation. There is more to being human than simply surviving; there is God (or gods or “higher powers”)—looking for God, pleasing God, getting God’s help. We are unfinished creatures—longing, reaching, stretching towards fulfillment. We express these desires for completion in prayer. Prayers articulate our seeking after the best. Prayers give voice to aspiration towards the highest. Everything that is distinctively human gets formulated in prayers: our pathos, our nobility, our creativity. Also, interestingly, everything that is disreputable in us—lust, avarice, pride, pettiness— disguises itself in prayer in order, if possible, to get us credit instead of shame. But either way, whether in disguise or reality, prayers show us at our best.
Except for the Psalms. The Psalms set their faces against this lush eroticism, this rank jungle growth of desire seeking fulfillment. In a world of prayers that indulge the religious ego and cultivate passionate longings, the Psalms stand out with a kind of angular austerity. The Psalms are acts of obedience, answering the God who has addressed us. God’s word precedes these words: these prayers don’t seek God, they respond to the God who seeks us. These responses are often ones of surprise, for who expects God to come looking for us? And they are sometimes awkward, for in our religious striving we are usually looking for something quite other than the God who has come looking for us. God comes and speaks—his word catches us in sin, finds us in despair, invades us by grace. The Psalms are our answers. We don’t always like what God speaks to us, and we don’t always understand it. Left to ourselves, we will pray to some god who speaks what we like hearing, or to the part of God that we manage to understand. But what is critical is that we speak to the God who speaks to us, and to everything that he speaks to us, and in our speaking (which gathers up our listening and answering) mature in the great art of conversation with God that is prayer. The Psalms—all of which listen in order to answer—train us in the conversation.
The erotic (human pathos, nobility, and creativity seeking for what it does not have) is not absent from the Psalms. It would not be possible to have authentically human speech here without it; but it is not encouraged—it is wrestled into obedience, subjected to the strenuous realities of living by faith in the God who reveals himself to us. And that accounts for the odd and awkward singularity of the Psalms, for instead of being tributaries into the flow of the great prayer-river of longing for the Absolute, they abruptly stand us up, our lungs half-full of water, coughing and sputtering our unrehearsed answers to the God who calls us into a life of covenant, speaking salvation to us.
There is a difference between praying to an unknown God whom we hope to discover in our praying, and praying to a known God, revealed through Israel and in Jesus Christ, who speaks our language. In the first we indulge our appetite for religious fulfillment; in the second we practice obedient faith. The first is a lot more fun; the second is a lot more important. What is essential in prayer is not that we learn to express ourselves, but that we learn to answer God. The Psalms show us how to answer.
Redigging the Wells the Philistines Filled
It is not easy to understand how anything so deeply understood and widely practiced—the Psalms as the technology of prayer—should have shrunk in our time to a mere remnant. For some, who don’t know their use, it is a matter of ignorance: in the shattering of traditions and consequent amnesia in our world, it often happens that we get cut off from our sources without ever being aware of it. For others, it is intimidation: in an age of experts, when we come across things that seem complex and that we don’t immediately understand, it is easy to conclude that these matters can only be handled by professionals. And for some, I hope not most, it is simply sloth: it is easier to pray on whim and by impulse than to apprentice ourselves to a master, be forced to leave the ruts of mediocrity, and climb.
But whatever the reasons, something can be done. A recovery of the Psalms as the primary technology for developing a life of prayer is possible. In the face of the appalling adolescence of so much American spirituality, I think it is imperative. I want to do what I can to assist in the recovery. I am helpless before the sloth, but I can do something about ignorance and intimidation, and I write to that purpose: to recover the Psalms in their character as the tools of faith for those who don’t know that is what they are for or who have been intimidated from ever picking them up, supposing that one needs a lot of training to be competent in their use.
My work, like Isaac digging again the wells that the Philistines had filled, is to clear the ground and cart off the debris so that what was so excellently done once will again be usable. There is nothing (I hope) innovative in what I write. This is not the latest thing on prayer, but the oldest: the Psalms, obvious and accessible as tools for prayer in the work of faith. So I do not explain them: commentary is not the primary need. I want to provide a kind of owner’s manual. I don’t mean to suggest that the Psalms are easy: prayer is not easy. But the practice of millions of Christians through centuries of use is adequate proof that we do not have to acquire expertise in the Psalms before we use them; they themselves — prayers that train us in prayer—are the means to proficiency. We don’t have to understand a crowbar before we put it to use. Understanding comes with use.
The practice of Christians in praying the Psalms is straightforward: simply pray through the Psalms, psalm by psalm, regularly. John Calvin expressed the consensus of the praying church when he wrote that the Psalms are “the design of the Holy Spirit ... to deliver to the church a common form of prayer.” People who belong to liturgical traditions (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Episcopal) have prayer books to guide them through a monthly cycle of praying the Psalms daily. The rest of us can easily mark the Psalms into thirty or sixty daily sections to guide an orderly monthly or bimonthly praying of all the Psalms. That’s it: open our Bibles to the book of Psalms and pray them—sequentially, regularly, faithfully across a lifetime. This is how most Christians for most of the Christian centuries have matured in prayer. Nothing fancy. Just do it. The praying itself is deliberate and leisurely, letting (as St. Benedict directed) the motions of the heart come into harmony with the movements of the lips.
1. TEXT
A text has texture. Words, woven into a fabric of meaning, have a characteristic feel to them. When our fingers touch textiles, we know what they are good for by their feel—silk for hair ribbons, denim for bib overalls, wool for a ski sweater. When our eyes go over the words of a text and our tongues and lips reproduce the sound of the words, we get a feel for how they are being used and how to take them. Getting the feel of the text is prerequisite to getting its meaning, for if we don’t know how to take words, we will probably take them incorrectly. When we hear words spoken, we pick this up easily through tone and rhythm. Words spoken harshly and jerkily mean one thing, softly and languidly another, and in measured monotone still another—the dictionary meaning of the words is the same each time; the intended and received meaning different. When we read words that are written, we compensate for loss of voice by observing how the words are arranged in the loom of the text. As we discern the texture, we know how to take the text.
The Psalms are poetry and the Psalms are prayer: this is the texture of the text.
Poetry and Prayer
Poetry is language used with personal intensity. It is not, as so many suppose, decorative speech. Poets tell us what our eyes, blurred with too much gawking, and our ears, dulled with too much chatter, miss around and within us. Poets use words to drag us into the depth of reality itself. They do it not by reporting on how life is, but by pushing-pulling us into the middle of it. Poetry grabs for the jugular. Far from being cosmetic language, it is intestinal. It is root language. Poetry doesn’t so much tell us something we never knew as bring into recognition what is latent, forgotten, overlooked, or suppressed. The Psalms text is almost entirely in this kind of language. Knowing this, we will not be looking here primarily for ideas about God, or for direction in moral conduct. We will expect, rather, to find the experience of being human before God exposed and sharpened.
Prayer is language used in personal relation to God. It gives utterance to what we sense or want or respond to before God. God speaks to us; our answers are our prayers. The answers are not always articulate: silence, sighs, groaning—these also constitute responses. The answers are not always positive: anger, skepticism, curses—these also are responses. But always God is involved, whether in darkness or light, whether in faith or despair. This is hard to get used to. Our habit is to talk about God, not to him. We love discussing God. The Psalms resist these discussions. They are not provided to teach us about God but to train us in responding to him. We don’t learn the Psalms until we are praying them.
This texture, the poetry and the prayer, accounts for both the excitement and difficulty in dealing with this text. The poetry requires that we deal with our actual humanity—these words dive beneath the surfaces of prose and pretense, straight into the depths. We are more comfortable with prose, the laid-back language of our arms-length discourse. The prayer requires that we deal with God—this God who is determined on nothing less than the total renovation of our lives. We would rather have a religious bull session.
Soil and Weather
Specific conditions account for the particular texture of the Psalms. These conditions do not assertively call attention to themselves. Conditions never do. They—the climate, terrain, and culture we grow up in that determine much of who we are and become, but that we are so used to that we don’t notice—are, just quietly there. So it is possible to have an extensive informational acquaintance with the Psalms without being aware of the conditions determinative of their being. The astonishing bloom and blossom blazing in the Psalms cannot be cultivated into maturity in us apart from entering into, insofar as we are able, the soil and weather conditions in which they came to flower. It is impossible for the Psalms to become prayer in us unless we embrace the conditions in which they were prayed. We cannot abstract the Psalms from their conditions. We cannot substitute conditions congenial to our temperament. Since the Psalms are the classic texts that train us in prayer, it is essential that we immerse ourselves in their “soil and weather.” Our purpose is to grow a garden, not just cut a few flowers. Three conditions are definitive: a revealed theology, a defined canon, and a practiced liturgy.
Theology: The One God
God (theos) is the single most important condition accounting for the Psalms. The God without which the Psalms could not exist is the God who reveals himself in Israel and in Christ. He makes himself known. Because he makes himself known, he is a God whom we know. It is required, therefore, that we use our minds to think on him, not lazily (or anxiously) guess our way. Hence theology: people of faith using their minds to understand who God is and how he works.
In an age and among a people saturated with psychology, it is hard to concede primacy to theology in anything, not exempting religious texts. With the Psalms, brimming with human experience and explosive with energies of soul (psyche)—John Calvin called them “an anatomy of all the parts of the soul”—it is virtually impossible not to work on the assumption that psychology has the primacy. We want to understand these souls in their intimacy and depth, these souls that quail at nothing, push through frontiers in their exploration of meaning, vigorously grappling with everything they encounter across the entire spectrum of experience. Here is the deeply felt, honestly voiced raw data of the human condition—an open invitation, it would seem, for the curious and disciplined intelligence to conduct a searching examination. And who is better prepared to carry out that examination than a psychologically trained people?
And besides, isn’t prayer mostly psychology anyway? We are complex persons, full of unconscious yearnings and unnamed desires, vast interiors that call out for enlightenment and understanding. Every prayer in one way or another, reveals something of these interiors. Who can resist the offer of psychology to put these prayers out on the table alongside our dreams, phobias, and test scores for study and analysis? How much we will understand about ourselves when we have finished!
But the Psalms were not prayed by people trying to understand themselves. They are not the record of people searching for the meaning of life. They were prayed by people who understood that God had everything to do with them. God, not their feelings, was the center. God, not their souls, was the issue. God, not the meaning of life, was critical. Feelings, souls, and meanings were not excluded—they are very much in evidence—but they are not the reason for the prayers. Human experiences might provoke the prayers, but they do not condition them as prayers.
If we come to the Psalms looking for a way to develop our inner life, we have come to the wrong place. Kahlil Gibran is a better bet. If we come to the Psalms in search for peak experiences, we have made a wrong choice. The psalmists are not interested in human potential; they are passionate about God—the obedience-shaping, will-transforming, sin-revoking, praise-releasing God.
The Psalms come from a people who hear God speak to them and realize that it is the most important word they will ever hear spoken. They decide to respond. They answer. The word they hear from God takes precedence over every human word: human wisdom, human advice, human discourse, human inquiry. These people made their mark in history not by understanding themselves or studying what they found around them in earth and sky, but in praying to the God who revealed himself to them in Word. All around them their Greek, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Egyptian neighbors gave themselves in intelligent passion to exploring the surface of the earth, plotting the stars and tracking the constellations, mastering the uses of power, pursuing questions of truth, figuring out how numbers worked. The results of all this physical and mental activity are breathtakingly magnificent. The Hebrews prayed. They were intelligent and passionate before God. They knew that God had invaded their history. They knew themselves addressed by God. They responded to the presence; they answered the address; they prayed.
It is not simply belief in a supreme being that conditions these prayers, belief in a divinity that they must deal with in order to make their way through life, avoiding, if possible, disaster, and promoting, hopefully, good fortune. The determinative condition is a God who speaks and acts in a known way. The condition is not a belief in God, but a doctrine of God.
It is not possible to comprehend God. Merely to utter the name “God” is to be plunged into mystery. But that doesn’t mean that we are in the dark, where all cats are gray. At least it did not for the Hebrews, or the praying Christians in their train. None of them knew very much about God, but they knew a few things with clarity. They did not wistfully wish upwards,3 they had a doctrine of God. Some things were true: Adamic creation, Abrahamic covenant, Exodus salvation, Mosaic commands. Some things were not true: God was not arbitrary, not destructive, not indifferent, not manipulatable.
They took the trouble to find out what was revealed, to observe closely, to understand responsibly, to use their heads, and then to respond, to answer. History was usually a puzzle. Their own souls were mostly murky. But they went to their knees in a pool of light—an illuminating word, two words, maybe even a few sentences that revealed God to them, and by which they courageously decided to live in faith. The Psalms are personal answers to the personal revelation, prayers conditioned by God’s word, not by the soul’s moods.
Canon: The Sixty-six Books
The Psalms come to us embedded in Holy Scripture. They have their own identity as a book, 150 prayers with a clearly marked beginning and end. They are, at the same time, an integral part of a larger book, the Bible. The only way we know the Psalms is in this context. They do not arrive independently. They do not present themselves to us in their own right. The Psalms are not scraps of prayer, found in bottles on beaches from time to time, arrived from an unknown country. We know that country very well and quite a lot about the people who prayed and wrote the prayers. We know what they experienced and what they hoped for. We know the battles they fought, the marriages they contracted, the children they reared, the cities they lived in, the mountains they climbed, the rivers they crossed, and the wells they drank from. We know what their priests wore in making sacrifice for their sins. We know what their prophets preached to them. We know their names and the names of their enemies. These psalms are not like Melchizedek—“without father or mother or genealogy.” They have the Torah for their mother, the Prophets for their father, and a luxuriantly rambling family tree.
The canon (the two testaments of sixty-six books that are authoritative for the Christian faith) is a corral, fencing in all the literary creatures conceived and born out of a common inspiration and that serve a common purpose. (The common inspiration is the Holy Spirit; the common purpose salvation.) Many of these creatures bear little or no resemblance to each other. Some of them we don’t like at all. Others we become fond of and develop close friendships. But the canonical decision was that our preferences are not determinative in these matters: all the creatures are related in some way or other to all the others, and each in its own way serves the common purpose. Each is necessary, but none is complete in itself. Each must be used (interpreted) in the light of all the others. It is not permitted to take one of the creatures out of the corral, leaving all others behind, and ride out across the prairies sentimentally into the sunset, searching for conditions congenial to sublimity. There is no gate in the corral fence.
This means that the Psalms are part of something before they are anything—part of Genesis, Joshua, and Esther; part of Matthew, Romans, and the Apocalypse. Since the Psalms are not themselves by themselves, they cannot be prayed in isolation from their context, those sixty-five other “creatures” that God uses to shape salvation in us.
When we learn to speak, we have ancestral genes doing their work in us and are surrounded by family traditions, heirlooms, social expectations, and cultural assumptions. We use words others used before us, each word carrying the experience of generations. If we expressed ourselves uniquely (as we sometimes do in our first few months), no one would understand us.
The Psalms likewise are infused with and surrounded by a genetic, cultural, worshiping, and believing heritage. This canonical condition means that in the life of faith we don’t make up original prayers that suit our private spiritual genius. Prayer is not an original language, but a received language.
A millennium’s experience of grace and judgment, creation and chaos, guilt and salvation, rebellion and obedience shapes the prayers that are the Psalms. When we pray the Psalms, and are trained in prayer by them, we enter into this centuries-long experience of being a people of God. We didn’t bargain on this: we wanted a little book of prayers that we could keep on our bedside table, not the genealogies in Chronicles, for heaven’s sake. But it can’t be helped. If we want to associate with these people who pray and submit our lives to this training in prayer, we are going to have to associate with their large, somewhat noisy and often troublesome family, for it is quite certain that the psalmists will not abandon their canonical company to tutor us to soliloquies customized to our genius.
Liturgy: The Two or Three Together
The praying people, whose prayers are the Psalms, prayed as a worshiping community. All the psalms are prayers in community: people assembled, attentive before God, participating in a common posture, movement and speech, offering themselves and each other to their Lord. Prayer is not a private exercise, but a family convocation.
In the presence of God, “alone” is not good. Summon Eve. Call a friend. “Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there I am in the midst of them.” By ourselves, we are not ourselves. Solitary confinement is extreme punishment; private prayer is extreme selfishness. Prayer, in itself, is not an automatic good. It is possible to practice prayer in such a way that it drives us deep into a conniving, calculating egotism. And it is possible to practice prayer in such a way that it bloats us into a prideful ostentation. Jesus was not indiscriminate in his praise of prayer; some people who prayed got a severe tongue-lashing from him.
Prayer often originates when we are alone. Deep within us are “sighs too deep for words.” We pray our guilt, our hurt, our gaiety on the spot, not waiting until we can meet with a congregation or get into a church. All the same, for these prayers to develop into full maturity, they must be integrated into the praying community.
And prayer continues into places of solitude. We pray on our beds at night, silently and secretly when surrounded by unbelievers, deliberately withdrawn from society in order to cleanse the “doors of perception.” We neither can or should be with others continuously; and we are with God continuously.
But the believing community at worship, at regular times and in assigned places, is the base of prayer. All the psalms were prayed in such communities. This is not obvious on the surface—we are apt to think of a shepherd on a grassy slope, or a traveler on a dangerous road—nevertheless, it is one of the assured results of devout research, confirmed in the practice of Israel and church. We are most congruent with the conditions in which the Psalms were produced and prayed when we pray in a praying congregation.
Sometimes a group diminishes us: we are leveled down, lumped into the less-than-average, and become less than ourselves. This happens when we are with people who gossip, or competitively assert themselves by cutting down others. This happens when we sink as a spectator into a crowd.
Other times we are exhilarated, lifted up, infused with energy and purpose, and become more than we are on our own. This happens when we share complementary effort and skills to play a game, climb a mountain, or run a successful business. This happens when we are with family members who accept one another with grace, mourn a common loss, celebrate a common joy. This happens when we pray in a worshiping congregation.
We are not naturally good at this. We need practice. Especially in the initial stages we feel uneasy, awkward, and bored. But it is God’s will that we live by the lively exchanges of grace and in the splendid movements of love, and neither grace nor love are possible without friends and enemies. Prayer is the primary means by which we develop our lives in these communities before God, and the Psalms train us in it.
The Psalms train us to pray with others who have prayed, and are praying: put our knees on the level with other bent knees; lift our hands in concert with other lifted hands; join our voices in lament and praise with other voices who weep and laugh. The primary use of prayer is not for expressing ourselves, but in becoming ourselves, and we cannot do that alone. The “only child” is not God’s. It follows that this primary condition in the making of the Psalms, praying “in step” with others, is also a condition for praying them and learning to pray.
Against the Grain
Not one of these conditions is congenial to the way most of us would prefer to go at the business of praying. They go against the religious grain, and especially against the American grain. We would rather pray by exploring our own deep spiritual capacities, with God as background music. We would rather pray by meditating on some sublime truth, without bothering with the tedium and complexity of the scriptures. We would rather pray by having God all to ourselves, insulated from the irritating presence of other people, and savor (but only a little) a smug sense of superiority to the common herd. But the text that teaches us to pray comes with conditions, and the conditions won’t permit us to isolate ourselves. If we elect the Psalms to train us in prayer, these are the conditions in which we will be working.
2. WAY
The text that teaches us to pray doesn’t begin with prayer. We are not ready. We are wrapped up in ourselves. We are knocked around by the world. The ways in which we are used to going about our business, using the language, dealing with our neighbors, and thinking about God don’t exactly disqualify us from prayer, but neither do they help much.
The nonpraying world is a pushing, shoving, demanding world. Voices within and without harass, insisting that we look at this picture, read this headline, listen to this appeal, feel this guilt, touch this charm. It is asking too much that we move from this high-stimulus world into the quiet concentrations of prayer without an adequate transition.
The nonpraying world is also an intimidating world. We wake each day to a world noisy with braggadocio, violent with guns, arrogant with money. What use is prayer in the face of governments, armies, and millionaires? What motivation can we muster to pray when all the obvious power is already allocated to heads of state and barons of industry?
In prayer we intend to leave the world of anxieties and enter a world of wonder. We decide to leave an ego-centered world and enter a God-centered world. We will to leave a world of problems and enter a world of mystery. But it is not easy. We are used to anxieties, egos, and problems; we are not used to wonder, God, and mystery.
Pre-Prayer
Psalms 1 and 2 pave the way. They get us ready to pray. The Psalms are an edited book. All these prayers were collected and arranged at one point in Israel’s history, and then Psalms 1 and 2 set as an entrance to them, pillars flanking the way into prayer. We are not unceremoniously dumped into the world of prayer, we are courteously led across an ample porch, a way that provides space and means by which we are adjusted to the realities of prayer. Way is a significant word in the first two Psalms.
Psalms 1 and 2 are a pair, working together to put our feet on the path that goes from the nonpraying world in which we are habitually distracted and intimidated, into the praying world where we come to attention and practice adoration. For prayer is not only a matter of saying the right sort of words to the right kind of God. Our being is involved, the way we are.
Psalms 1 and 2 are pre-prayer, getting us ready, making us adequate for prayer. We never get past needing this help. We hunger and thirst for God, but our noblest appetites are debased by our own fears and lusts and the stamp the culture presses upon us. Unless we have help out of ourselves, our prayers will only be verbal and emotional projections from our nonpraying world. “Knowing demands the organ fitted to the object.” We have well-developed organs fit for finding a bargain, driving Subarus, and reading Huckleberry Finn; our “organs” for knowing God are not so well exercised. Preparation of the pray-er, necessarily precedes the act of praying. The old wisdom in this matter is: “Whatever is received is received according to the mode of the one receiving it.”2 Psalms 1 and 2 put us in the way (mode) of prayer. Psalm 1 is the way from intimidation to adoration.
The first word of the first psalm, blessed, sets the tone: happy, fortunate, lucky with holy luck. The second psalm uses the same word at its finish. Jesus took this blessed (“seized” is more like it), used it as the first word in his most famous sermon, and then elaborated it into an octave, an eight-line stanza (Matthew 5:3-10).
Blessed is a directional antenna, a mind-set for picking up signals we would otherwise miss. We get ready to pray. What are we getting into? We are on the outskirts of his ways, about to enter the deep interiors. What is the appropriate attitude before this unknown? Apprehension will make us cautious, crippled for taking risks, if risks need to be taken. Stoic dutifulness will make us heavy-footed, clumsy in the dance, if a dance is scheduled. The blessed arouses expectation, a readiness for a more that is also a good. We don’t know the contents of the blessed, or the difficulties—how could we, we are not there yet?—but we sense that we are entering a way on which we will become more our true selves, not less, not other. The anticipation of being blessed works changes in us that make us capable of being blessed.
Coming to Attention: Psalm 1
Two things are prominent in Psalm 1: an action and an image. Torah-meditation is the action; a transplanted tree is the image.
Torah (law) is God’s words that hit the target of the human condition. The noun torah comes from a verb, yarah, that means to throw something, a javelin, say, so that it hits its mark. The word that hits its mark is torah. In living speech, words are javelins hurled from one mind into another. The javelin word goes out of one person and pierces another. Not all words are javelins; some are only tin cans, carrying information from one place to another. But God’s word has this aimed, intentional, personal nature. When we are spoken to this way, piercingly and penetratingly, we are not the same. These words get inside us and work their meaning in us.
As we prepare to pray, to answer the words God addresses to us, we learn that all of God’s words have this characteristic: they are torah and we are the target. God’s word is not a reference book in a library that we pull off the shelf when we want information. There is nothing inert or bookish in these words. God’s words, creating and saving words every one, hit us where we live.
The moment we know this, that God speaks to us, delight is spontaneous. “The psalms are the liturgy for those whose concern and delight is the torah of the Lord”. These are not words that we laboriously but impersonally study, as if for an exam.
These are not words that we anxiously scan lest we inadvertently transgress a boundary or break a protocol. These are words we take in—words designed for shaping new life in us, feeding the energies of salvation. This delight develops into meditation, to-rah-meditation. Meditate (hagah) is a bodily action; it involves murmuring and mumbling words, taking a kind of physical pleasure in making the sounds of the words, getting the feel of the meaning as the syllables are shaped by larynx and tongue and lips. Isaiah used this word “meditate” for the sounds that a lion makes over its prey (Isa. 31:4). A lion over its catch and a person over the torah act similarly. They purr and growl in pleasurable anticipation of taking in what will make them more themselves, strong, lithe, swift: “I will run in the way of thy commandments when thou enlargest my understanding!” (Ps. 119:32).
This is quite different from merely reading God’s word, or thinking about it. This is not so much an intellectual process, figuring out meanings, as it is a physical process, hearing and rehearing these words as we sound them again, letting the sounds sink into our muscles and bones. Meditation is mastication.
A transplanted tree provides the image that locates us in the way of prayer. Letting the psalm words carry their most natural meaning, “a tree planted by streams of water “ is “a tree transplanted alongside irrigation canals.” Israel, during the time that the psalms were collected and made into its prayer book, was in Babylonian exile. Babylon was flat and featureless. A single river flowed through the country. The Babylonians had cut a network of irrigation canals across the land, multiplying the square miles of fertility. Transplanted to the banks of these irrigation ditches the Israelites—refugees under a merciless sun—thought they were in the worst possible place for prayer. Solomon’s splendid temple was a pile of ruins back in Jerusalem. They didn’t think they” could pray. One of them composed a song, a kind of “Babylonian blues” that soon everyone was singing: “How can we sing the Lord’s song in a strange land?” (Psalm 137). They didn’t think they could. But they did. My, how they did it! How did they do it? By letting God’s word enter their lives again, there in exile, and letting his address pull answers out of them. They immersed themselves in torah-meditation: before they knew it they were praying. They were trees. Transplanted to Babylon they put down roots, put out leaves, and produced fruit. We all suppose that we could pray, or pray better, if we were in the right place. We put off praying until we are where we think we should be, or want to be. We let our fantasies or our circumstances distract us from attending to the word of God that is aimed right where we are, and invites our answers from that spot.
We get ourselves ready to pray by looking at a tree, a transplanted tree, and seeing ourselves in it. “Before we can get to the great idea of True, an emotionally charged symbolic construct for which innumerable women and men have died, we must stare thoughtfully and long at a tree, Old English Treow, which gives us the word true (Treow), the ‘deeply rooted idea.’”
Comprehension of the invisible begins in the visible. Praying to God begins by looking at a tree. The deepest relationship of which we are capable has its origin in the everyday experience of taking a good look at what is in everybody’s backyard. We are not launched into the life of prayer by making ourselves more heavenly, but by immersing ourselves in the earthy: not by formulating abstractions such as goodness, beauty, or even God, but by attending to trees and tree toads, mountains and mosquitoes.
We come to the prayer book of the Bible to get training in prayer and the first directive is: “Go find yourself a tree, sit down in front of it, look at it long and thoughtfully.” Prayer begins not with what we don’t see, but with what we do see. Prayer begins in the senses, in the body, in geography, in botany.
Abstraction is an enemy to prayer. Beautiful ideas are an enemy to prayer. Fine thoughts are an enemy to prayer. Authentic prayer begins when we stub our toes on a rock, get drenched in a rainstorm, get slapped in the face by an enemy—or run into the tree that has been in our path for so long that we have ceased to see it, and now stand back, in bruised and wondering awe before it.
Torah-meditation is the action that moves us away from distracting words that push us this way and that; these words pull us into attentiveness. The transplanted tree is the image that focuses our distracted will, the will that is ever restlessly looking for and trying out the “right” conditions for prayer. The tree claims our attention and says, “Put your roots down here.”
Entering into Adoration: Psalm 2
The verb that dominates the action of Psalm 1, meditate (ha-gah), is picked up in Psalm 2, but used in a context that requires the translation, “plot.” “Why do the nations conspire, and the peoples plot in vain?” “Meditate” in Psalm 1 and “plot” in Psalm 2 are the same verb. And it is the same action: a murmuring, absorbed, ruminative interest over the word of God, realizing that this is the important word, the word that determines all existence. But while Psalm 1 directs us to approach this word with delight, receiving it as life-giving, Psalm 2 shows people plotting against this word, devising schemes for getting rid of it so that they can be free of all God-interference in their lives. These people see God’s words not as javelins penetrating their lives with truth, but as chains that restrict their freedom. They put their minds together to rid themselves of this word so that their words can rule.
The people who do this appear impressive: they are both numerous (nations and peoples) and prominent (kings and rulers). A lot of people reject the word of God; they not only reject it, they turn their rejection into a world power. These people command most of the armies of the world, direct the advances of science, run school systems, preside over governments, and rule in the marketplaces. If these people are in active conspiracy against the rule of God, what difference can prayer make? What chance does mere “tree” meditating, have when the movers and shakers of the earth are conspiratorially aligned against it?
Intimidation is as fatal to prayer as distraction. If we are intimidated, we will forfeit the entire world of culture and politics, of business and science to those “who set themselves. . .. against the Lord.”
What is at issue here is size: we require an act of imagination that enables us to see that the world of God is large—far larger than the worlds of kings and princes, prime ministers and presidents, far larger than the worlds reported by newspaper and television, far larger than the world described in big books by nuclear physicists and military historians. We need a way to imagine—to see—that the world of God’s ruling word is not an afterthought to the worlds of the stock exchange, the rocket launching, and summit diplomacy, but itself contains them.
Far more is involved here than simply asserting God’s sovereignty. We need a way, a convincing, usable, accessible tool for realizing the largeness of God in the midst of the competing bigness of the world. If we fail here, prayer will be stunted; we will pray huddled and cowering. Our prayers will whimper.
Psalm 2 answers our need by presenting Messiah. Messiah is God’s person in history. God is not exclusively in the business of dealing with souls, he is also active in cities. Messiah is God’s invasion of the secular, his entry into the world where people go to school, go to work, go to war, go to Chicago. He enters—and he enters in person. His word is not only what we meditate in the scriptures, it takes shape in history and we see it in action in a person.
This strikes many as implausible, that God, in order to develop within us a sense of the immensity of his rule, presents us with a human being with an ordinary name (Saul, David, Zerub-babel), in an unpretentious place (Zion), calls him “my son,” and gives him unspiritual jobs like building roads, protecting cities, and dealing with foreign emissaries.
Objections are immediate and outraged: “But we grew up with him; we know his brothers and sisters; we sat across the aisle from him in the second grade and played ball with him in Little League. Wouldn’t it be better to put the brash world in its place by promulgating huge resolutions, by practicing large thoughts—truth, love, justice—and by sheer force of thinking overwhelm the vulgarity of the rulers? Or, if something visible is required, give directions for a statue that will humble the Sphinx, or provide blueprints for a temple that will fill a prairie?”
But nothing like that was done in Israel. Instead, people were selected and marked by pouring a flask of oil on their heads as representatives of God’s rule, and so made messiahs (anointed ones). Israel was surrounded by world powers that boasted impressive temples, ruthless armies, Brobdingnagian statues, and extensive libraries. But when God wanted to show them how his rule was greater than anything that they saw around them, he directed that men be taken from local families and anointed. He trained them to look at the ordinary and the personal as the places where he initiated his rule and established his sovereignty. The people were turned away from trembling in awe or fear before the world’s so-called mighty, they were patiently taught to see God working in and through messiah, an anointed one.
The extraordinary thing about this implausible method is that it works, at least for those who enter the way of prayer. Centuries of training in observing God’s invasion of the world by messiah reached a conclusion when Jesus of Nazareth was declared Messiah (in Greek, Christos, “anointed one”). This Messiah was as implausible as the rest: “Is not this the son of Joseph?” (John 1:46). “Can any good come out of Nazareth?” (John 6:42). But it was true: God invaded history. In Jesus, Christians believe, the entrance was not only into history but into flesh, and the presence of God was not only representative but thoroughgoing. Jesus was the complete Messiah of which the earlier messiahs had been approximations. But the method was the same: God entered history in a human person and exercised his rule from that unassuming position in that unadorned person.
Two details encourage the expansion of the messianic imagination into adequacy. One shows God laughing at the world’s rulers: “He who sits in the heavens laughs; the Lord has them in derision” (Psalm 2:4). Laughter restores perspective. There is such a thing as taking the world’s arrogance too seriously. God laughs. We join him. In the laughter, every high-flown pretension is seen as silly posturing.
The other detail is a call to adoration: “Serve the Lord with fear, with trembling kiss his feet (Psalm 2:11)”. We see the rulers needing a ruler, the kings needing a king. Their world is too small, the kingdoms over which they rule, trying to exclude God, too small. Their world is also dangerous. If they persist, they will be destroyed: “Therefore, O Kings, be wise: be warned” (Psalm 2:10). The trembling that reduces them to size opens them up to God’s size. They need a larger world. The way to the larger world is through adoring reverence before the one who is more than they are.
This is not a sovereignty imposed on history or humans; it invades. It begins on the inside, not the outside. Those who embrace this way discover in the life of prayer that follows that the “inside is bigger than the outside.”
There is much yet to learn about how this Messiah works, and many misunderstandings to be worked through, but that is not the business of Psalm 2. That will come in its time in the practice of prayer and maturing in the faith. The work of Psalm 2 is to provide access to largeness, and thereby to rehabilitate the intimidated imagination so that it can grasp the enormous range of the word of God.
The Tree and the Messiah
The Hebrews arranged the scriptures into three sections: To-rah (law) is the primary word of God; Prophets (including the historical books) shows God’s word at work in geography and history; Writings (led by the Psalms) shape our response to God’s word through the practice of prayer in the life of faith. God’s word is surging and rich. Hundreds of years of words are in it— told in stories, preached in sermons, preserved in genealogies, interpreted in histories. Every syllable is a gem. Somehow or other, all those sharp, quick, and personal words must be heard and answered. Not a nuance must be lost. Psalms 1 and 2 work as funnels, directing all the Torah (through Psalm 1) and all the Prophets (through Psalm 2) into the way of prayer, that is, into the Psalms, where we take our place to get our lives trained by prayer “into an adequate answer to God’s word.”
Psalm 1 is quiet, gathering our distracted lives into an act of supreme attention. Psalm 2 is vigorous, countering the bullying world that intimidates us into hiding. By means of Psalm 1 we become a tree, putting down roots into the soil and streams of Torah, collected and recollected before God’s word. By means of Psalm 2 we observe Messiah, God personally involved in this world, often incognito, but here, and ruling. Psalm 1 concentrates our energies into listening attention. Psalm 2 expands our vision to take in the messianic revelation. At attention and in adoration, we are ready to pray.
Thou whose glory above the heavens is chanted by the mouth of babes and infants, thou hast founded a bulwark because of thy foes, to still the enemy and the avenger.
3. LANGUAGE
We prepare to pray not by composing our prayers but ourselves. The pre-prayers of Psalms 1 and 2 get us ready, forming the inner life so that it is adequate (the Thomist adequatio) to the reception of truth, not just the acquisition of facts.1 But when we engage in the act of prayer itself, there is no preparing, no getting the right words, no posture to take, no mood to assume. We simply do it. Prayer is primal speech. We do not first learn how to do it, and then proceed to do it; we do it, in the doing we find out what we are doing, and then deepen and mature in it.
“O Lord, how many are my foes!” is thus the first sentence in the first prayer in the Psalms (3:1). Brief, urgent, frightened words—a person in trouble, crying out to God for help. The language is personal, direct, desperate. This is the language of prayer: men and women calling out their trouble—pain, guilt, doubt, despair—to God. Their lives are threatened. If they don’t get help they will be dead, or diminished to some critical degree. The language of prayer is forged in the crucible of trouble. When we can’t help ourselves and call for help, when we don’t like where we are and want out, when we don’t like who we are and want a change, we use primal language, and this language becomes the root language of prayer.
Language gets its start under the pressure of pain. Our first sound is a wail. All our early speech is an inarticulate eloquence that gets us what we need to survive: food, warmth, comfort, love. We need help. We need another. We are not furnished, as the lower animals are, with instincts that get us through the life cycle with minimal help from others. We are unfinished creatures requiring complex and extensive assistance in every part of our being, and language is the means for getting it.
Prayer, a human being conversing with a holy God, is a great mystery and defies probabilities. But it is a mystery embedded in something common and very close to us. In our learning to pray, God has not left us without a witness. Language itself, the way we learn it and the way we use it, is the witness. Human prayer arises out of the same conditions as human language. Prayer and language are not the same thing (we do not learn to pray simply by directing our language to God instead of parents and friends), but there are rich analogies between these two basic human practices. The nature of language provides insights into the learning and practice of prayer obeying St. Paul’s “Pray without ceasing” is not a strict ascetical regimen but a watchful recognition of the trouble we are in.
A rough map of the terrain that language inhabits is useful for locating the characteristics of prayer language. A division into three areas—Language I, Language II, and Language III—provides orientation.3 These three broad divisions don’t take account of the staggering complexities of language; in fact, they obscure them. But what we want from a map is help in getting someplace, not description and analysis of the soil. That can come later after we find out where we are.
Mere Puffs of Wind
So observing the way language works is a good place to enter into the practice of prayer. Language is almost as much a mystery as prayer. There is irony here: our primary tool for understanding is not itself understood. After centuries of investigation, the people who study and ponder the way we learn and use words continue to spend much of their time astonished. “It remains wonderful that mere puffs of wind should allow men to discover what they think and feel, to share their attitudes and plans, to anticipate the future and learn from the past, and to create lasting works of art.”
Language is used at many different levels and for many different purposes. The language of prayer occurs primarily at one level, the personal, and for one purpose, salvation. The human condition teeters on the edge of disaster. Human beings are in trouble most of the time. Those who don’t know they are in trouble are in the worst trouble. Prayer is the language of the people who are in trouble and know it, and who believe or hope that God can get them out. As prayer is practiced, it moves into other levels and develops other forms, but trouble—being in the wrong, being in danger, realizing that the foes are too many for us to handle—is the basic provocation for prayer. Isaac Bashevis Singer once said, “I only pray when I am in trouble. But I am in trouble all the time, and so I pray all the time.” The recipe for obeying St. Paul's "Pray without ceasing" is not a strict ascetical regimen but a watchful recognition of the trouble we are in.
A rough map of the terrain that language inhabits is useful for locating the characteristics of prayer language. A division into three areas—Language I, Language II, and Language III—provides orientation. These three broad divisions don't take account of the staggering complexities of language; in fact, they obscure them. But what we want from a map is help in getting someplace, not description and analysis of the soil. That can come later after we find out where we are.
Language Map
Language I is the language of personal intimacy and relationship. It is the first language we learn. At first it is not articulate speech. The sounds that pass between parent and infant are incredibly rich in meaning, but less than impressive in content. The coos and cries of the infant do not parse. The nonsense syllables of the answering parent have no dictionary entries. But in the exchange of gurgles and out-of-tune hums, trust develops. Parent whispers transmute infant screams into grunts of hope. The cornerstone words in this language are names, or pet names: mama, papa. For all its limited vocabulary and butchered syntax, it is more than adequate to express complex and profound love, and to develop the basic trust foundational to human existence. Language I is our primary language, the language we use to express and develop our human condition.
Language II is the language of information. As we grow we find a marvelous world of things surrounding us, and that everything has a name: rock, water (Luke – “lolo,” “boshears”), doll, bottle, finger. Gradually, through the acquisition of language, we are oriented in a world of objects. Beyond the relational intimacy with persons with which we begin, we find our way in an environment of trees and fire engines and snowballs. Day after day words are added. Things named are no longed strange. We explore the neighborhood. We make friends with jthe world. We learn to speak in sentences, making connections between this and that, between yesterday and tomorrow, between here and there. The world is wonderfully various, and our language enables us to account for it, to recognize what is here and how it is put together. Language II is the major language used in the schools.
Language III is the language of motivation. We discover early on that words have the power to make things happen, to bring something out of nothing, to move inert figures into purposive action. An infant brawl brings food and a dry diaper. A parental command arrests a childish tantrum. No physical force is involved. No material causation is visible. Just a word: stop, go, shut up, speak up, eat everything on your plate. We are moved by language and use it to move others. Children rapidly acquire proficiency in this language, moving people bigger and more intelligent than themselves to strenuous activity (often against both the inclination and better judgment of the people). Language HI is the predominant language of advertising and politics.
Languages II and III are the ascendant languages of our culture. Language that describes (II) and language that motivates (III) dominate. We are well schooled in language that describes the world in which we live. We are well trained in the language that moves people to buy and join and vote. Meanwhile Language I, the language of intimacy, the language that develops relationships of trust, hope, and understanding, languishes. Once we are clear of the cradle we find less and less encouragement to use it. There is a short-lived recovery of Language I in adolescence when we fall in love and spend endless hours talking on the telephone using words that eavesdroppers characterize as gibberish. But it is the farthest thing from gibberish: the sounds express relationship, they are a realization of being. These young people are listening to the sounds of being; they are practicing adoration, not solving equations or selling soap. When we enter into courtship and marriage we use this language yet again, finding that it is the only language adequate to-the reality of our passions and commitments. Romantic love extends and deepens it for as long as we have the will to pursue it. But our will commonly falters, and in the traffic of the everyday and press of making a living, we content ourselves with the required and easier languages of information and motivation. In the early months of parenting, the basic language is relearned and used for awhile. At death, if we know we are dying, we will use nothing else. A few people never quit using it—a few lovers, some poets, the saints—but most let it drift into disuse; Walter Wangerin, Jr. calls this a “vast massacre of neglect.”
First Language
Language I is the language of the Psalms and the language of prayer. Not exclusively, of course, for all the languages blend together in actual use, but mostly. It is the language we use naturally at and around the great nodal points of human life when our being is emergent or centered or questioned or endangered. But because it is the language that requires the most of us and hardly anyone (often no one) requires it of us, it is the language in which we are least proficient. It is necessary to acquire Language II if we are to pass from one school grade to the next, and it is gratifying to use Language III to get our own way, but, except for our children, our parents, our lovers, and our God (and altogether they do not add up to very many, and we can easily avoid them if we wish), no one cares overmuch whether we use Language I. And yet this is the language most necessary to our humanity, to finding out who we are and who we are with, for love and for care. And for God.
Languages II and III are no less important in the life of faith but if they are not embedded in Language I they become thin and gaunt — Language II reduced to list making instead of, like Adam, heuristically naming the creatures in the Garden; Language III reduced to crass manipulations instead of, like God in Genesis and Jesus in the Gospels (and all true poets since), creating what is recognized as good.
Because we are more at home in the languages that describe where we are and get us what we want, and because these languages are more honored in our culture, our habit is to pray in these more easily handled languages. This is fatal to prayer. Informational language is not prayer language. Motivational language is not prayer language. To pray in these languages is, in effect, not to pray. We must let the Psalms train us in prayer language—the language of intimacy, of relationship, of “I and Thou,” of personal love.
While it is difficult to acquire proficiency in this language because the time in which we live gives us so little occasion to practice it (like trying to learn French while living in Japan), it is possible for anyone, for it is the first language we all learned. Learning to pray is not learning anything new; it recovers our first language. Developing skill in Language I is a matter of returning to what is basic in us. Prayer is not a second language; it is the language at the core of what we already are and are becoming.
Accurate Prayer
Psalm 3, the first actual prayer in the Psalms, immerses us in Language I. The opening cry, “O Lord, how many are my foes!” swiftly modulates into a lyric of trust, “But thou, O Lord, art a shield about me, my glory, and the lifter of my head.” The trouble that provokes the prayer is personal: enemies threaten my life. I experience the enmity in three dimensions: enemies are numerous, overwhelming me with their size (“how many are my foes”); enemies are aggressive, making my situation urgent (“many are rising against me”); and enemies are mocking, debunking my faith and demoralizing my spirit (“saying of me, There is no help for him in God”). The three dimensions of the trouble are matched by a salvation experienced in the same three dimensions: God covers my raw vulnerability as a shield; the contemptuous scorn of enemy taunts is countered by the experience of God as “my glory”; the rise of enmity (this is no passive background hostility but a towering oppression under which my head sinks in discouragement) is reversed by the experience of God raising my head in hope. The cry for help is answered in actions.
At the center of the prayer (vv. 5-6) is an anecdote: a person lies down, falls asleep, and rises again, unafraid even though surrounded by ten thousand enemies. The language is artless, a cameo center. Three verbs describe what everyone does each evening, night, and morning—lie down, go to sleep, get up. These actions are prayer.
Then: “Rise, Lord, save me, O God” (v. 7). Two imperatives seek to change the course of events. The imperative is the verb in its purest form: a call for the action that will change the world, or at least that part of the world that I care about. It is also a confession of inadequacy. Imperatives call to another to do for me what I cannot do for myself. (Imperatives can also be used manipulatively, commanding another to do what I am too lazy to do for myself, but that is a perversion of the form). The entire theology of prayer, that the world and I can be changed and that God is the one to do it, is carried grammatically in the imperative. The verbal mood of prayer runs heavily to imperatives.
A pair of indicatives follow the two imperatives: “thou dost smite all my enemies on the cheek, thou dost break the teeth of the wicked.” The intense feeling in these words is exceeded only by their brutality. The violent language of the Psalms has a New Testament equivalent in the Revelation of St. John. This is disturbing. But the first requirement of the language is not to make us nice but accurate. Prayer is not particularly “nice.” There is a recognition in prayer of the fiercer aspects of God. Is there anger to be expressed? Are there judgments to be reckoned with? What words are available to say them? That God slaps cheeks and breaks teeth is not theological dogma but prayed metaphor, images that connect experience with eschatology (the God-pull into God’s future). Psalm language is not careful about offending our sensibilities; its genius is its complete disclosure of the human spirit as it makes response to the revealing God. Given the mess that things are in, it will not be surprising that some unpleasant matters have to be spoken, and spoken in the language of our sin-conditioned humanity, for the language of prayer is, most emphatically, human language. It is not angel talk.
In the practice of prayer, cries for help get arranged in polarity to a choir of thanks. The last sentence in this prayer is a double exclamation, “Deliverance belongs to the Lord; thy blessing be upon thy people!” (v. 8). In trouble we pray; in the course of the praying our experience of wrong becomes an experience of right, which is even more elemental than wrong, but to which our unprayed experience does not give us as immediate access. Gratitude and well-being get expressed with the same spontaneous accuracy in which we cry out pain, anger, guilt, and terror.
There is not an abstract word in this prayer. The nouns are specific; the verbs are direct. Everything is personal: God is personal, the pray-er is personal, experience is immediate, relationship is central, the emotions of terror and trust are expressed with force. Language I. This is the elemental language we always use when our life, our well-being, and deepest interests— identity, health, love, guilt, trust—are at stake. There is no mere information about God here. There is no program implemented for God here. This is a cry for survival that develops into the shout of the saved.
Elemental is not elementary. The elemental develops in other Psalms into polished liturgies of lament and hymns of praise, lyric songs and honed wisdom. But it all gets its start in the time of trouble, pain in body or soul that finds a way to give thanks. The germ is always in the elemental monosyllables of “Help!” and “thanks!”
Conversion of Language
The Psalms train us in a conversion of language, from talking about God to talking to God. St. Anselm’s critical rewriting of his theology is a landmark instance of the conversion of language-for which the Psalms provide the means. He had written his
Monologion, setting forth the proofs of God’s existence with great brilliance and power. It is one of the stellar theological achievements in the West. Then he realized that however many right things he had said about God, he had said them all in the wrong language. He rewrote it all in his Proslogion, converting his Language II into Language I: first person address, an answer to God, a personal conversation with a personal God. The Proslogion is theology as prayer.
We don’t quit using the languages of information and motivation when we pray. Competency in all languages is necessary in this life of faith that draws all levels of existence into the service and glory of God. But at or near the center of our lives, where God and the human, faith and the absurd, love and indifference are tangled in daily traffic jams, the language in which we must become proficient is the language of personal relationship, getting as much of our language as possible into the speech of love and response and intimacy: “Abba! Father!”
4. STORY
The first actual prayer in the Psalms, Psalm 3, is introduced by a phrase that splices it into a piece of history: “A Psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.” All who read scripture know this story well, and the single, unadorned sentence triggers its recall. Absalom instigated a palace coup and David fled for his life to the wilderness. Civil war followed, father fighting son, son fighting father. David won back his throne at a terrible cost, the death of his son, over which he mourned magnificently.
The life of David is full of incidents like this. Everyone’s life is. Not a palace coup for most of us and, hopefully, not the treachery of a son, but conflict and failure and fear, love and betrayal, loss and salvation. Every day is a story, a morning beginning and evening ending that are boundaries for people who go about their tasks with more or less purpose, go to war, make love, earn a living, scheme and sin and believe. Everything is connected. Meaning is everywhere. The days add up to a life that is a story.
Psalm 3, its title tells us, is prayed in the middle of a story. All prayer is prayed in a story, by someone who is in the story. There are no storyless prayers. Story is to prayer what the body is to the soul, the circumstances in which it takes place. And prayer is to story what the soul is to the body, the life without which it would be a corpse. Prayers are prayed by people who live stories. Every life is a story. We are not always aware that we are living a story; often it seems more like a laundry list. But story it is.
The Editorial Connection
Most of the Psalms have an introductory sentence that inserts them into a story. Only thirty-four do not. Sometimes the reference makes a clear connection with a familiar biblical narrative. Sometimes it is obscure, giving instructions, no longer clear to us, on how it is to be used or sung in worship, the most important activity in Israel’s story. But either way, as a link to someone’s life (usually David’s) or as instruction for Israel’s temple worship, the sentence ties the prayer to the historical: place, time, people. Prayer is connected by these titles to a world of friends and enemies, sickness and health, song and celebration.
Interestingly, none of these psalm titles tells us anything about the origin of the psalm. They were all affixed at some later date by editors, whose names we do not know. For a hundred years now, the scholars who have given devout attention to the Psalms have agreed on this—an impressive consensus. David certainly wrote some of them, but we don’t know for sure which ones. It is a disappointment to learn that we don’t know who wrote the Psalms, or the circumstances of those who wrote them. But the disappointment has a compensation: we know more than ever how they were used. The Psalms show Israel, our ancestral people of God, at worship. They show the shape of this worshiping community in all its astonishing vitality and variety. If we know less than we once thought we did about who wrote them and why they were written, we know more about the way and circumstances in which they were prayed, and praying them, not investigating them, is the Christian’s main business.
But why, then, the titles? What use do they serve? If they are the work of the psalm editors and not the psalm writers, shouldn’t we ignore them and get on with what we know is authentic, the psalms themselves? But editorial work in the Psalms, while subsequent to composition, is never secondary; it is integral to the formation of our primary text for prayer. What the psalm editors did is as significant for the life of prayer as what the psalm writers did. We have seen the importance of the editorially placed Psalms 1 and 2 in preparing us for prayer. This second editorial activity, placing titles on 116 of the psalms, is of comparable importance, protecting us from the common and fatal error of spiritualized prayer.
The David Story
Spiritualized prayer is denatured prayer, prayer in which all the dirt and noise of ordinary life is boiled out. It is a prayer that cultivates exalted feelings and sublime thoughts. It is prayer that is embarrassed by the coarse subject matter that intrudes itself into most twenty-four hour periods, but takes great pleasure in grand aphorisms. It is escapist prayer, with scheduled flights to the empyrean.
The psalms editors, knowing our weakness for these fantasies, use titles to tie the balloon of prayer to people in a story: for life is always and necessarily lived in detail, and the details are often inconvenient and irregular. The most common tie is simply “of David.” Seventy-three psalms are so identified: “A Psalm of David,” or “A Psalm for David,” or “A Psalm in the tradition of David.” The Hebrew, I’dawid, is not precise. Some were written by him, others written in honor of him, most written in awareness of him. He was the most prominent of all who wrote prayers in Israel. He was remembered by all as the “sweet psalmist of Israel.”
It is a particularly happy identification, for David’s life is the most exuberant life story in all the scriptures, maybe the most exuberant in all world history. It is also the most extensively narrated story in our Bible. We know more about David than any other person in the biblical communities of faith. We are given David in his youth, his adulthood, and his old age. We are given stories of his life in singleness and marriage, his conduct in war and peace, his splendid holiness and sordid sin, his friendships and betrayals, his terrific triumphs and heartbreaking tragedies. The entire breathtaking sweep of the human condition stretches its horizons in this David. There is no part of our lives that does not find some point of illumination or encouragement or rebuke in this life story.
The person in scripture who has the most extensively told story is the same person who is shown to be most at prayer. The outside of his life is told in story, the inside is told in prayer. The books of Samuel and Chronicles give the plot to David’s story, the Psalms show the passion. There is a sense in which we can be spectators to the narratives of our own lives, detached and gossipy. Prayer is a way in, the way to receive and deepen the meaning of the narrative. Faith is the most interior of human acts. Prayer is the means by which holiness/health is grafted into the unfaithful parts, inserted into the empty parts.
Also, and this is important for people who pray, David was a lay person. He was neither prophet, priest, or wise man (the three religious vocations of his time). He was a shepherd, guerrilla fighter, court musician, and politician. His entire life was lived in the sacred ordinary that we are apt, mistakenly, to call the secular. The regular place of prayer is the ordinary life.
Of the seventy-three psalms that are linked to David’s story, thirteen refer to specific incidents in his life. These references pull into focused clarity various parts of the story of this person who has a “heart after God,” which is what people at prayer are trying to nurture.
Psalm 3: When he fled from Absalom his son.
Psalm 7: Which he sang to the Lord concerning Cush, a Benjaminite.
Psalm 18: When the Lord delivered him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of Saul.
Psalm 34: When he feigned madness before Abimelech, so that he drove him out, and he went away.
Psalm 51: When Nathan the prophet came to him, after he had gone in to Bathsheba.
Psalm 52: When Doeg, the Edomite, came and told Saul, “David has come to the house of Ahimelech.” Psalm 54: When the Ziphites went and told Saul, “David is in hiding among us.”
Psalm 56: When the Philistines seized him in Gath.
Psalm 57: When he fled from Saul, in the cave.
Psalm 59: When Saul sent men to watch his house in order to kill him.
Psalm 60: When he strove with Aram-naharaim and with Aram-zobah, and when Joab on his return killed twelve thousand of Edom in the Valley of Salt.
Psalm 63: When he was in the Wilderness of Judah.
Psalm 142: When he was in the cave.
Two things stand out in this list. First, each incident is a time of trouble. There is not a single royal psalm representing the kingly office. (Psalm 18 is only a partial exception). The parts of David’s life that are recalled are those in which he is struggling through the dark passages of all human beings. This confirms our earlier conviction that prayer begins in trouble. We pray out of need. There is plenty of praise in these prayers, but it is trouble that gets the prayer started. The editorial instinct of our prayer masters was to tie prayer to the place of trouble. We are now over one hurdle: if we ever thought that escape from the troublesome was the route to prayer, these titles have cured us.
Second: the list is random. There is no attempt to connect every psalm with an incident in David’s life, either to prove to the last detail that David prayed in each incident, or to demonstrate that prayer is appropriate in all circumstances. The seventeen psalm titles are pump priming. They get us started. They show what is possible. They do not do all our work for us. Now, it is up to us to insert them in our stories.
The psalm titles tug at our attention, saying, “Remember, this is a story you are in. By praying you do not get out of the difficult work of sin and enemy and family, you get further into it. Instead of finding it easier, you will find it more demanding. You will not become spiritualized and above it all. You are no longer exterior; you are an insider to yourself, to others, and to God.” The people who studied and prayed the Psalms continued this “storying.” Eventually every psalm was provided with a historical setting in someone’s life (but most commonly David’s) by Jewish and Christian commentators. The impulse to insert prayer into story was strong, and at the end, all the prayers were gathered under David’s aegis, including the psalms attributed to Moses, Solomon, and a few others. “David came to be regarded as the source of Israel’s psalms as Moses was for the law, and Solomon was for wisdom.”1 In ancient Hebrew manuscripts of the books of Samuel, spaces were left where readers could consider a psalm that was relevant to that aspect of the life of David.2 By means of this insistent, thoroughgoing connection with David’s story, the Psalms have become immediately accessible to all stories. We are given a feel for the “fringes and hollows of life in which life is lived,”3—where prayer, by embracing each odd and local particularity, matures. Through the human mouth of David, they become a personal word provided by God for each human situation. Conceivably, the titles could have tied the psalms to the ancient past in such a way as to separate them from us. The opposite happened. Prayer was humanized and historized for every individual.
The Big Story
We read on in the Psalms. It is not long before we arrive at a third sign of editorial work. At the end of Psalm 41 we read: “Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, from everlasting to everlasting! Amen and Amen.” It reads like a conclusion, but it is not because other psalms follow. We keep reading and find, at the end of Psalm 72, “The prayers of David are ended.” That also sounds like a conclusion, but psalms continue. We come across two more conclusions (89:52 and 106:48) before Psalm 150 definitively closes the collection. We count up the conclusions. There are five. The 150 psalms are arranged into five “books.” What are the editors doing? The term “editors” is misleading. “Spiritual masters” is more like it. They wisely shaped the text of prayer so that it would form healthy lives of prayer. We discern devout intelligences at work protecting us against another common error, presumptuous prayer.
Presumptuous prayer speaks to God without first listening to him. It obsessively, anxiously, or pretentiously multiplies human words to God, but with, at best, a distracted, indifferent, or fitful interest in God’s words to us. But God speaks to us before we speak to him. If we pray without listening, we pray out of context.
Protection against presumption comes in the editorial arrangement of the psalms into five books, showing that prayer is a response to the Torah’s five books. The narrative of our lives received its classic form in the five books of Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Life from its inception (Genesis) to its fulfillment (Deuteronomy) is the result of God’s making, redeeming, providing, and blessing word. God’s word is authorizing—an author at work: the world and our lives are given narrative shape; story is brought into existence with salvation as its plot. So we need to pray not only out of an awareness of our personal stories (that David’s life gives us), but in the context of the “old, old story,” the salvation story. Our daily lives have narrative shape, but the Bible as a whole (the large context in which we live) is also cast in the form of narrative.
Language, by its very nature, is not monologue but dialogue. God does not impose his plot of salvation on the people in his story. He speaks in order to be answered. The character of each person in the story (and we are all in it) is allowed to form from the inside, in the give and take of dialogue, each with its own rhythms, at its own pace. We are in a world of salvation in which God is speaking to us. How do we answer? We are not good at this language. The Psalms instruct, train, immerse us in the answering speech which is our part in the exchange of words by which our being in the image of God and redemption by the blood of Christ is formed internally into maturity.
“Moses” sets out the word of God that calls us: calls us into being, to judgment, into salvation. “David” gives us our answering call: calling to God in trust, protest, lament, praise. The Psalms in five books are antiphonal to the Torah in five books. Five is matched by five, like the fingers of clasped and praying hands.
Prayer is everywhere and always answering speech. It is never initiating speech, and to suppose that it is presumptuous. Miqra, the Hebrew word for Bible, properly means “calling out”—the calling out of God to us. “God must become a person,” but in order for us to speak in answer to him he must make us into persons. We become ourselves as we answer, sometimes angrily disputing with him about how he rules the world, sometimes humbling ourselves before him in grateful trust. Prayer is language used to respond to the most that has been said to us, with the potential for saying all that is in us. Prayer is the development of speech into maturity, the language that is adequate to answering the one who has spoken comprehensively to us. Prayer is not a narrow use of language for speciality occasions, but language catholic, embracing the totality of everything and everyone everywhere. This conversation is both bold and devout—the utterly inferior responding to the utterly superior. In this exchange we become persons. The entire life of faith is dialogue. By means of the Psalms we find our voice in the dialogue. In prayer we do not merely speak our feelings, we speak our answers. We can answer, we are permitted to answer. If we truly answer God there is nothing that we may not say to him.
But note well: stock answers are not prescribed. There is no verse by verse correspondence between the first book of Torah and the first book of Psalms. The editorial arrangement does not give us a phrase book of rote answers of Psalm 19, say, to answer Genesis 19. What we have, rather, is a listening and answering context with an immersion in language adequate to the dialogue. Catechism answers will not serve, for that is not the way conversation takes place between living persons. We acquire facility in personal language that is accurately responsive out of our changing lives and growing levels of faith to what God speaks to us in scripture and in Christ. We need a vocabulary and syntax sufficiently personal and adequately wide-ranging to answer everything that God says.
This unobtrusive, five-book arrangement is quietly but insistently provided to protect us against a presumption, whether inadvertent or willful, to pray in any other way than by listening and answering to God’s word.
The Unique Story
There is a kind of storytelling that relies exclusively on the manipulation of plot to get its effects. In such stories there is no development of character and no cultivation of atmosphere. Everything is exterior: form, incident, action. A clever writer can write the same book over and over again, with slight plot alterations, and please millions of lazy people with stories of spies, lovers, detectives, and space travelers. Real writers don’t do this. They work from the inside, discovering the way the world is, patiently uncovering the slow growth of personality, the long and subtle changes that sin works in the mind, the secret movements of grace. These writers don’t impose themselves on their material, or take shortcuts for cheap effects.
There is also a kind of religious exhortation that tells the gospel story in stereotypes—a kind of salvation according to James Bond. Gaudy combinations of slogan and suggestion that promise diversion from boredom and omit mention of the demanding interiorizing of faith. They appeal to the adolescent in us without involving us in the pain growing up. In adolescence the form of adulthood is reached several years ahead of the substance. For a few years, all adolescents look and act and talk more or less alike. They have not had time to develop their in-sides. That takes years and years. Many never to it. There is nothing wrong with being an adolescent. There are moments when it is almost wonderful, but it is grostesque to remain one. Form is essential, but if it is not filled with content, it is finally false. But the filling takes time. These people profess the story form of salvation, but fail to fill it, or let it be filled with prayer. They end up all plot and no character.
Our interiors must develop along with our exteriors. The story of salvation has predictable outlines, but the individual character of the saved person is never predictable. That is always unique. The uniqueness is carved by prayer. We would like, if the Spirit would allow it, to interiorize only random bits and pieces of our lives on the occasions when we felt like it. The Psalms do not permit that—they are a rigorous interiorization of everything, the gamut of the human condition, in the story of salvation.
Story making is creative work—demanding intense and personal involvement. The most common alternative to story in our culture is the journalistic report, which coolly stands apart from the personal and delivers information to us so that we can read it in a safe place. Another common alternative is the work agenda and its sequel, the work report, which list the activities of our day with no connection with who we are. A robot, if sophisticated enough, could stand in for us. The journalist uses words that require the use of our minds; the job foreman uses words that require the use of our bodies; the story maker enlists our imagination, the interiorization and integration of body and mind, which puts us on the threshold of prayer.
God works with words. He uses them to make a story of salvation. He pulls us into the story. When we believe, we become willing participants in the plot. We can do this reluctantly and minimally, going through the motions; or we can do it recklessly and robustly, throwing ourselves into the relationships and actions. When we do this, we pray. We practice the words and phrases that make us fluent in the conversation that is at the center of the story. We develop the free responses that answer to the creating word of God in and around us that is making a salvation story.
5. RHYTHM
The pre-Genesis condition of the cosmos is our own inner life: tohu and bohu, without form and void. Things are not right; we are not right. Our emotions bolt and stampede. Our thoughts run riot. Our bodies hurt. Our appetites play havoc with our virtue. We can’t, it seems, direct our own destiny with dignity or wisdom for ten consecutive minutes.
And so we pray. Directed by the Psalms, we begin our praying by listening. What do we hear?
And God said, Let there be light. . . .
And there was evening and there was morning, one day.
And God said, Let there be a firmament. ...
And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.
And God said, Let the waters ... be gathered together....
And there was evening and there was morning, a third day.
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament. . . .
And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.
And God said, Let the waters bring forth swarms of living
creatures....
And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
And God said, let the earth bring forth living creatures....
And there was evening and there was morning, a sixth day.
Disorder gives way, piecemeal, to order. Chaos becomes cosmos. The language is rhythmic—cadence and repetition and rhyme. God speaks creation into existence: “He spoke and it came to be; he commanded and it stood forth” (Ps. 33:9). The rhythmic language makes a rhythmic creation.
We both live and speak rhythmically. Rhythm is embedded in our bodies and in our world. The rhythms are contrapuntal, pulse counterpointed to seasons, breathing to moon phases. We live and speak in a fugue.
Poetry takes the natural rhythms of language and deepens them, fitting sounds and meanings into the interior rhythms of our breathing and pulse, and then extends them to the environmental rhythms of days, months, and years. “Rhythm,” John Ciardi once said, “shakes language down into the nervous system.”
All the psalms are given to us in the form of poetry. Prayer is rhythmic, using language to integrate our blessings to our breathing, adjusting the internal rhythms of our lives to the external rhythms of creation and covenant. Our core being is expressed in language that follows the rhythms of our life, inhalation and exhalation. We cannot breathe out what we have not first breathed in. The breath that God breathes into us in daily pentecosts, is breathed out in our prayers, “telling in our own tongues the mighty works of God” (Acts 2:11). We can, of course, pray in a frenzy, thrashing about. Much prayer necessarily begins that way, but we pray better, and best, when we let the rhythms of the creating word of God work themselves into the rhythms of our living, and then find expression in the psalmic rhythms of prayer.
Evening and Morning
The most conspicuous immediate effect of this is to slow down our prayers: we cannot speed-read a poem. Poetry cannot be hurried. We must slow our minds (and in prayer, our lives) to the pace of the poet’s breathing, phrases separated by pauses. Hermann Gunkel, the pioneer Psalms scholar, “always insisted that the text be read aloud in order that the reader might better discern its movement and direction, its rhythms and assonance, its key words and accents. He knew how to listen to a text.”
Poetry requires equal time be given to sounds and silences. In all language silence is as important as sound. But more often than not we are merely impatient with the silence. Mobs of words run out of our mouths, nonstop, trampling the grassy and sacred silence. We stop only when breathless. Why do we talk so much? Why do we talk so fast? Hurry is a form of violence practiced on time. But time is sacred. The purpose of language is not to murder the silence but to enter it, cautiously and reverently. The poet carefully arranges words in settings of silence, letting the sounds resonate, the meanings vibrate. Silence is not what is left over when there is nothing more to say but the aspect of time that gives meaning to sound. The poem restores silence to language so that words, organic and living, once again are given time to pulse and breathe.
Before we open our mouths in prayer, our open ears take in words that form light and coherence within us, goodness and blessing, and best of all, the image of God. Our jerky rebellion and spastic ignorance is absorbed into the rhythms of “And God said. . . . And it was so,” and into the resultant rhythms of creation, “evening and morning .. . evening and morning .. . evening and morning.. .,” sleeping and waking.
These rhythms train us in prayers that are tidal—oceanic prayers gathering much more beneath and beyond them than anything we are aware of from our place on the beach.
Evening Prayer
Psalm 4, an evening prayer, and Psalm 5, a morning prayer, are strategically placed by our prayer masters early in our text to establish these fundamental rhythms in our lives and get us praying in the cadence of God’s word. The rhythm of breathing in and breathing out is now integrated into the rhythm of going to sleep and waking up, and prayers formed on these rhythms coordinate the deeply personal with the deep purposes of God as he speaks his love into being in us, “The love that moves the sun and the other stars,”3 and “Deep calls to deep” (Ps. 42:7).
It is first evening prayer, then morning prayer. The order is not reversible. Evening prayer is succeeded, after several hours of unconsciousness, by morning prayer. The sequence is not Hebrew perversity but grace embedded in the earth’s rotation.
We assimilate the Genesis rhythms, language in which God brings his will into being in rock, protoplasm, sun, and sea, believing that an identical language brings his will into being in bodies and souls, in sin and out of evil. Prayer is not a frill; it articulates the primordial in us. It submits to the “darkness on the face of the deep” and wakes us to Lord’s Day light. Everyone sleeps. Everyone wakes. Out of these aboriginal states, we realize the will of our Creator and Redeemer worked in us. Sleeping and waking are theological as well as biological. The bodily conditions are also spiritual modes.
Psalm 4 marks the transition from the daylight world, in which it is easy to suppose that we are in control, to the night world in which we relinquish our grip on jobs, people, even thoughts, and experience the will that is greater than ours, the God who answers previous to our asking, who acts previous to our prompting.
We begin our lives asleep in the womb, formed by another. Passive in the darkness, we are made. When we finally venture into daylight action, we are not done with the passivities of sleep, but return to them at once. In our early days we are more asleep than awake, as another, and others nourish us into the wholeness that we have neither the wisdom nor the strength to fashion for ourselves. Gradually, our waking hours lengthen and we take up for ourselves tasks others did for us, entering into the work of the world—loving, helping, feeding, healing, building, teaching, making. But we never arrive at a condition where we are beyond sleep, self-sufficient in twenty-four-hour control. Daily we give up consciousness, submitting ourselves to that which is deeper than consciousness in order to grow and be healed, be created and saved. Going to sleep is biological necessity; it can also be an act of faith. People who live by faith have always welcomed the evening hour for prayer, disengaging themselves from the discordant, arhythmic confusion of tongues, and sinking into the quiet rhythms of God’s creating and covenanting words.
Even though it is decreed in our bodies that we return to this sleep, it is not easy. We want to stay in control. We want to oversee the operation. Evening prayer is a deliberate act of spirit that cultivates willingly what our bodies force on us finally.
From the clamorous beginning, “Answer me when I call, O God of my right! (v. 1) to the quiet conclusion, “In peace I will both lie down and sleep; for thou alone, O Lord, makest me dwell in safety,” (v. 8) this evening prayer is a symmetrical beauty, arranging two sets of contrasts on either side of a center that uses six verbs to restore the rhythms of grace in us.
The first contrast is between those who pursue futility (v. 2) and those who realize providence (v. 3). Some people, deceived by their own hearts and the devil’s illusions, fill the day with a desperate and anxious grasp for that which is not. Others discover God’s providential motions in themselves and others. Observing and reflecting on this contrast releases us from futility and relaxes us into grace.
The second contrast is between those who are perpetually asking God for what they do not have (v. 6) and those who are overwhelmed before God with what he has already given (v. 7). St. Francis de Sales divided the population similarly: the immature who are unhappy over what they don’t have, and the mature who are happy with what they do have.
But the center of the prayer is definitive: six paired verbs move us from self-assertion in which we push our vain wills on the people and circumstances around us—acting as if we are in charge of the universe—to a believing obedience that acts as if God is in charge and that submits to becoming the kind of person that God is in charge of.
“Be angry.” No day is perfect. Things go wrong. Some things always go wrong, many of them out of spite, malice, and blasphemy. Face squarely the worst of the day, and be angry. Don’t make excuses for yourself or others. Don’t paper over any flaws. You do well to be angry. “But sin not.” Your anger is not a work agenda for you to plan a vengeance that will fix the wrong. What is wrong with the world is God’s business. It is a business in which you will have a part, come morning when you get your assignment. Meanwhile God is giving help at a far deeper level than any of your meddling will ever reach.
“Commune with your own hearts on your beds.” Speak to yourself. Listen to yourself. In the crossfire of daytime voices, we become strangers to ourselves. Get acquainted again with the being that God created, not just the passport version that you have used to get more or less successfully through the day. “And be silent.” Nothing more need be said. No explanations, no boasts, no apologies. This is who you are. There is something more important than liking or not liking yourself, more significant than the day’s accomplishments and failures; there is you. In the silence, simply be the person that God is gathering into salvation.
“Offer right sacrifices.” A sacrifice is an offering placed before the Lord so that he can make something of it. Once offered it is in God’s hand to do with what he will. It is no longer in your hands to improve a little more. You have had all day, now let God have all night. His will is to work with your offerings, not your perfections or your press clippings. Just leave it. You have lived your day; now leave it on the altar, an offering. “And put your trust in the Lord.” We have considerable evidence of what God does with our offerings—he transforms them. On Hebrew altars the change was visible in the purificatory burning, a fragrant and smoky ascent into heaven. In the Christian eucharist the bread and wine offered are received back as the flesh and blood of Christ. The change involves forgiveness and sanctification: a sinful life is offered up, a holy life is received back.
Low tide. We sleep.
Morning Prayer
Psalm 5 prays our reentry into the waking world’s daylight. Every morning is a wonder: “What has really happened during the last seven days and nights? Seven times we have been dissolved into darkness as we shall be dissolved into dust; our very selves, so far as we know, have been wiped out of the world of living things; and seven times we have been raised alive like Lazarus, and found all our limbs and senses unaltered, with the coming of the day.”
When we open our eyes, the day is half-over. While we have been sleeping, God has been working. We wake into a world in which God’s word has been making aspens and salamanders and puppies. We open our eyes and see what he has brought out of darkness: light. And life.
Everyone, of course, wakes. We open our eyes. We stretch our limbs. And then what? If we are to sustain the rhythms established in our sleeping, we answer the word of God that has brought us into being and into the light, and pray God to listen to our answer: “Give ear. . .. give heed. .. . Hearken. ... for to thee do I pray.” The quartet of verbs in the opening lines of Psalm 5 harmonize an expectation that God will listen. “True prayer is sure of a hearing. ... We can doubt the value, power and sincerity of our own asking, but not God’s hearing. ... It is because it is heard that we pray, and not because we are so skilled in asking.”
Morning prayer prepares for action. Passivity, in which we let God work his will in us, is primary, but activity, in which we obey the will worked in us in the world, is also essential. But our activities must be continuous with our passivities. We must not foolishly abandon what we experience in sleep when we awake into action. Psalm 5 bridges the passivities of grace into the activities of obedience. It is a narrow bridge easily missed, even more easily fallen off.
The daylight world of action is perilous. Psalm 5 trains us to discern and discriminate. It does this by contrasting the possibilities for evil action (vv. 4-6) and obedient action (vv. 7-8), and then repeats the contrast: liars and flatters (vv. 9-10) contrasted with singers and lovers (vv. 11-12). Seven of the attributions of evil activity refer to its verbal aspects (“the boastful,” “those who speak lies,” “deceitful men,” “no truth in their mouth,” “throat is an open sepulcher,” “flatter with their tongue,” “our counsels”). We live by words: by words God speaks to us, by words we pray to him. Words are at the center of the human condition. All the time that God is speaking and we are praying, seductive, flattering, and lying words that incite unbelieving actions infiltrate the language. We had better be alert and not believe everything we hear.
And so we enter the day having conducted a reconnaissance of evil and examined our own hearts for illusions of innocence. Parallel to the reconnaissance is the orientation to sacred time and space and holy good pleasure. We also know something of holiness.
The controlling center of this morning prayer is v. 3: “O Lord, in the morning, thou dost hear my voice: in the morning, I prepare a sacrifice for thee, and watch.” The image of bringing a sacrifice is a rhythmic repetition from the evening prayer (4:5).
The work of God begins while we are asleep and without our help. He continues to work through the day in our worship and obedience. A sacrifice is the material means of assembling a life before God in order to let God work with it. Sacrifice isn’t something we do for God, but simply setting out the stuff of life for him to do something with. On the altar the sacrificial offering is changed into what is pleasing and acceptable to God. In the act of offering we give up ownership and control, and watch to see what God will do with it. With a deep awareness that the God who speaks life into us also listens when we speak, we put into words the difficulties and delights that we foresee in the hours ahead. We assemble fears and hopes, apprehensions and anticipations, and place them on the altar as an offering: “I prepare a sacrifice, and watch.”
Watch is the pivotal word in morning prayer. A biblically trained ear hears a story in the word. Jacob, fleeing from his father-in-law Laban, was caught in Gilead. Laban thought he had been defrauded by Jacob; Jacob was sure he had been gypped by Laban. In Gilead, through argument and prayer, they came to an agreement. They set up an altar pillar and ate a covenantal meal before it. They named the pillar, “Watching Place” (Mizpah). They had spent twenty years watching each other suspiciously, watching for opportunities to take advantage of each other. Here they agreed to quit watching each other and let God watch them. Early in the morning the two old antagonists parted— Laban returning to Haran and Jacob entering Canaan where he still had to face the enmity of his brother Esau—with their morning prayer echoing across the Gilead hills: “The Lord watch between you and me, while we are absent one from the other.” Leaving the place of morning prayer and watching, the first things Jacob saw were the angels of God. He exclaimed: “This is God’s army!” (Genesis 31).
Mizpah is a borderline experience repeated as often as every morning. We watch to see what God will do with the assemblage of hopes and fears we set before him. Morning prayer places us before the watchful God and readies us to enter the day watchful, watching our dangerous past recede, watching the dangerous day fill with God’s angels. High tide.
6. METAPHOR
John Calvin frequently referred to the world around us as a “theater of God’s glory.” We write of the Creator’s dazzling per-S formance in putting together the elements of matter and arranging the components of the cosmos. Everything is created. Everything carries within its form and texture the signature of its Creator. No part of this material world is unconnected with God; every cell is in the organism of salvation. Biblical religion cannot be lived apart from matter—the seen, felt, tasted, smelled, and listened to creation.
It is all, precisely, creation. Nothing merely happened along. Chokecherries and tundra and weasels are not random accidents. Since everything is by design, no part of creation can be bypassed if we intend to live in the fullest possible relation to our Creator in his creation. None of it is an inconvenience that we are forced to put up with. Nothing is a stumbling block introduced by the devil to trip the feet of those whose eyes are piously lifted in praise to God. Creation is our place for meeting God and conversing with him. The voice that spoke Behemoth and Leviathan into being is the same voice that says, “Your sins are forgiven you,” and invites us to call upon him in the day of trouble. External and internal are the same reality. Heaven and earth are formed by a single will of God.
We take box seats in this creation theater when we pray. We look around. The mountains are huge, heaving their bulk upwards. The creeks spill across the rocks, giving extravagant light shows under the hemlocks. The lakes fill up with sky, on earth as it is in heaven. A lion rips its prey. A sparrow builds its nest. Solomon and the Shulamite embrace. An eagle plummets from a cloud to a meadow and takes a rabbit in its talons; for a few moments the two genesis creatures are in a terrible and tangled harmony. An infant drinks her fill of breakfast from her mother’s breast. Matter is real. Flesh is good.
True, there are things wrong in the world, things not easy to understand. It is impossible to account for the presence of the mosquito and leukemia. Parasites make up ten percent of living creatures. Annie Dillard calls them “the devils’ tithe.” Appalling imbecilities stalk the shadows of the creation theater. Creation is thunderous with its hallelujahs, but we are not around very long before we also hear considerable groaning.
All the same, it is quite definitely a theater in which we behold the glory, not a junk yard of cosmic garbage in which we are bag ladies sorting through the debris, picking out items on which to survive.
The psalmists have season tickets in this theater. All the psalms are prayed in it. They pray breathless in awe, laughing and crying, puzzled and dismayed, complaining and believing. They are not uncritical of what they see and do not scruple to find fault with either author or performance. All is not to their liking, and during some scenes they seem about to walk out. But they do not.
They don’t walk out because their business is prayer, and there is no prayer, real prayer, outside the theater. Dissociated from creation, prayer drifts into silly sentimentalism, or snobbish mysticism, or pious elitism. The intent of prayer is not to refine our coarse materiality into pure spirit so that we will not embarrass heaven with the vulgarities of flesh. We are not angels, nor are we to become angels. The Word did not become a good idea, or a numinous feeling, or a moral aspiration: the Word became flesh and went on to change water into wine, and then wine into blood. Prayer aids and abets this becoming, taking wispy devotional impulses and making them solid in muscle and bone. Our Lord left us a command to remember and receive him in the act of eating bread and drinking wine. Things matter. The physical is holy. In the opening sentences of the Bible, God spoke a world of energy and matter into being—light, moon, stars, earth, vegetation, fish, birds, man, woman—not love and virtue, faith and salvation, hope and judgment, though they will come soon enough. The opening lines of Genesis sound more like minutes copied out in a physics laboratory than in a prayer meeting. But in the Psalms physics and prayer occupy the same space.
The Metaphors of Psalm 18
The dominant diction in this theater is metaphor. Metaphor is the witness of language that spirit and matter are congruent. Metaphor uses the language of sense experience to lead us into the world of the unseen: faith, guilt, mind, God. The visible and invisible, put asunder by sin, are joined by metaphor.
So, when the psalmists pray, they call up lions and snares and dirt to talk about sin, sun and shade and king to address God, tree and mountain and lamb to designate lives blessed by God. There is not a single psalm without its metaphor or metaphors. Metaphor is the characteristic language of prayer. Psalm 18, a bravura cadenza of metaphor, puts the diction on display.
Psalm 18 is a prayer of great vigor, traditionally associated with David as he sums up his life in valedictory praise. At the outset God is addressed as strength, rock, fortress, deliverer, shield, horn, and stronghold. This is followed by a description of extensive personal trouble: cords of death, torrents of perdition, cords of Sheol, snares of death. God responds to the cry for help. His response is fierce: smoke streams from his mouth, he descends from the heavens mantled in darkness under a canopy of rain clouds and mounted on a cherub.. Out of this soaring darkness / brightness, coals-of-fire-hailstones rain destruction, and arrow-lightnings impale evildoers, while an enormous blast of breath from God’s nostrils parts the sea and lays bare the world’s foundations. And then, abruptly, the metaphors of ferocity give way to one of immense gentleness—God reaches down with his own hand, pulls the one who is praying from the clutch of waters and enemies, and places him on a dry and spacious land, saved.
Later in the prayer, exuberant, the psalmist summarizes his career in the highly improbable but actually experienced country of salvation: “I can,” he says “leap over a wall.” The metaphor compacts and then explodes energy and grace. And it does not exaggerate.
There is much more in Psalm 18, but that is enough to demonstrate the prominence of metaphor in prayer. In prayer the task is not to rarify language into an abstract spirituality but to thicken it with the metaphors of weather and geography and enmity into a spirituality of honest and actual experience.
What the rhythms of language are to time, the metaphors of language are to place. God speaks to us in time and place. We must, therefore, answer, that is, pray, in time and in place. The rhythms of language are used by the psalmists to develop the cadences of the Genesis day in us; the metaphors of language are used by the psalmists to ground our prayers in the Genesis earth. Without rhythm our prayers have the St. Vitus dance. Without metaphor our prayers are up in the air.
The Gnostic Life
There are always people who talk a good deal about prayer, but don’t go near the creation theater. It is not that they don’t know about it, or can’t afford the price of admission. They stay away on principle. Some of them go so far as to say it is immoral, and urge their young and any others they can influence to stay away also lest they be corrupted by it. A convenient label for these people is gnostic. Most gnostics have never heard the word gnostic. Gnostics don’t carry membership cards. There have been a few times in history when gnostics formed an identifiable sect and did outright battle with the theater-going church, but for the most part gnosticism is a tilt of soul, a tendency of spirit that doesn’t call attention to itself as such. People who pursue excellence with God and decide on a life of prayer are particularly vulnerable to being influenced by it. The gnostic line is quite convincing when we first come across it. There is an ascetical earnestness and mystical intensity that catches our attention. Because these people seem to be so deeply concerned about the inner life and to know so much more than anyone else about the graduate levels of spirituality, we are attracted and want to know more. But beware the gnostics: it is difficult to dislike them, harder still to label them, for the forms are protean. A great deal of what they say and do is beautiful. But there are two elements that through their influence insinuate themselves into the prayer of faith. These elements are corrosive and can be fatal: contempt for the material and lust for the secretive. “Gnosticism” says Virginia Stem Owens, “is still the biggest lie of all.”
Gnostics despise matter. Most are courteous in their contempt, but their politeness of expression doesn’t mitigate their dogma. Matter is, after all, mostly dirty, inconvenient, and an impossible drag on their aspirations to rise into the realm of spirit where they can contemplate pure beauty, truth, and goodness. In the scale of being matter is lower and detracts from what is higher. It is also the evident source of most trouble. If there were no things, there would be neither theft nor covetousness. If there were no flesh, there would be neither gluttony nor fornication. The enormous amounts of time that gnostics are required to spend on domestic affairs is wasted on the material—washing dishes, doing laundry, taking out the garbage, mowing the lawn, cleaning out the gutters. It stands to reason (gnostics are big on reason, not quite so ardent in common sense) that the less they are involved in the material the more they can be devoted to the spiritual—appreciating beauty, contemplating truth, cultivating feelings of goodness, and loving the universe. Deep within them they all sense a being that is in exile, a nightingale soul caged in their skeleton of cartilage and bone, and compromised intolerably by the conditions of this passing world.
And gnostics delight in secrecy. They are prototypical insiders. They think that access to the Eternal is by password and that they know the password. They love insider talk and esoteric lore. They elaborate complex myths that account for the descent of our spiritual selves into this messy world of materiality, and then map the complicated return route. They are fond of diagrams and the enlightened teachers who explain them. Their sensitive spirits are grieved by having to live surrounded by common people with their sexual leers and stupid banana-peel jokes and vulgar groveling in the pigsty of animal appetite. Gnostics who go to church involuntarily pinch their noses on entering the pew, nervously apprehensive that an insensitive usher will seat a greasy sinner next to them. They are however enabled to endure by the considerable compensation of being “in the know” (gnostic means “the one who knows”). It is a good feeling to know that you are a cut above the common herd, superior to almost everyone you meet on the street or sit beside in church.
It is inevitable that gnostics will boycott the creation theater and avoid its language as much as possible, for metaphor is an affront to their gossamer immaterialities and inner-ring whispers, a loud fart in the salon of spirituality.
Metaphor is the psalmic antidote to the dematerializing venom of the gnostic. This language is so ruggedly and inescapably material. If we live in a country of shepherds, and know what it feels like to carry a shield, and have occasion from time to time to enter a fortress, and then address God as shepherd, and shield, and fortress, our metaphors bring us closer to the material world at the same time they bring us closer to God. When we pray we do not rise above the commonplaces of the material, but embrace them, and in embracing them find intimacy with the one who made them. Materiality is affirmed as precious.
And if we call God light, or rock, or mother (each a one-syllable word in Hebrew), we use ordinary language spoken and understood by any five year old. There is no chance of pretense in using these words, of pretending that our understanding of our relation to God depends on special insights or secret codes. Inner-ring secretiveness is exposed as nonsense. By using language in prayer that everyone else uses when they are not praying, we are kept in community with them. Nothing is more socializing than common speech; nothing more clique forming than jargon. The Psalms, by profuse and insistent use of metaphor, make it as difficult as they possibly can for us to sally off into vague abstractions, contemptuous of the actual grass under our feet, and call this verbal woolgathering prayer. They make it equally difficult for us to raise our noses in sophisticated superiority to the neighbors who breathe the same air we do, and suppose that is equivalent to raising our eyes to God in prayer simply because the angle of our heads is approximately the same.
The effects go the other way also: once we have used the word rock to address God, we are not likely to look on a rock the same way ever again, or a shepherd, or a mother. Metaphor notices, and then, pulled into prayer, sanctifies. Creation, entered into as into a theater in acts of prayer is seen (theatros means the place where we take a good look) with more attentiveness than otherwise, and then ceremoniously praised. When we use the same words in prayer that we use when working, traveling, fighting, eating, and drinking, the words become luminous and wondrous in prayer, and respect for these common actions is engendered in us.
Sacraments vs. Idols
Significantly, while the psalmists called God a rock, they never set up a rock and called it God. They called God a shepherd but never found a good-looking shepherd and made a statue of him to preserve the form of God. They called God a shield but never embellished one with precious stones, hung it in a sacred place, and worshiped it. The Hebrews who insisted strenuously on the holiness of matter and the divinity of creation—that the very ground was sacred!—were equally insistent that God was not matter and could not be represented by matter, even precious matter like silver and gold. They knew, by commandment and through the practice of prayer, the difference between an idol and a metaphor. An idol reduces and confines; a metaphor expands and connects. An idol starts with a mystery and fashions it into something that can be measured; a metaphor begins with something common and lets it expand into immeasurable glory. An idol gathers divinity into a lump—sometimes a very elegant and finely crafted lump, but a lump nevertheless—that can be controlled; a metaphor puts materiality into speech—the moment the word is spoken it is no longer under control, but is subject to the spontaneous dynamics of conversation in which a living God is partner.
The Psalms that teach us to pray by metaphor, using the experience of the senses to develop within us the experience of faith, come to fulfillment in Christ who was actual flesh and blood (“which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon and touched with our hands,” 1 John 1:1) thereby vindicating the goodness of the entire material creation. Jesus consistent with the diction of metaphor was also embarrassingly ordinary—“Is this not Joseph’s son?” (Luke 4:22); “Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners?” (Matthew 9:11)—thereby slamming the door hard against all spiritual elitism. Jesus, in continuity with the Psalms, also taught us to pray in metaphor: “When you pray say, Father” (Luke 11:2).
The metaphors of the Psalms via the incarnation of Christ become a sacramental life, a life in which everything, every thing and person mediates God. Jesus was the master sacramentalist. He used anything at hand to bring us into an awareness of God and then into a response to God. The moment Jesus picked up something it was clear that it was not alien but belonging, a piece of God’s creation that was a means for meeting God. Jugs of water at Cana, the sound of the wind in Jerusalem, Galilean sea waves, a paralytic’s pallet at the Bethzathan pool, the corpse of Lazarus. Things. “There is no good trying to be more spiritual than God. God never meant man to be a purely spiritual creature. That is why He used material things like bread and wine to put new life into us. We may think this rather crude and unspiritual. God does not: He invented eating. He liked matter. He invented it.”
Baron Friedrich von Hugel never tired of saying that spirit and sense go together in Christian prayer. Whenever we look on creaturely beings within the world and consider them simply as they are and in depth, and pray what we see, we are carried by and through them to God by whom every creature exists and whom every creature makes manifest. Things cannot be bypassed. They are as essential in the prayer closet as in bed and board. Metaphor in prayer develops into sacramental living, gets rid of illusion and evasion so that we live and pray firsthan-dedly, seeing, smelling, touching and breathing the reality of our days, and then loving or hating it, blessing or cursing it, whatever we decide, but never indifferent to it, never insulated from it.
The Emphatic “Yes”
There are two great mystical traditions in the life of prayer, sometimes labeled apophatic and kataphatic. Apophemi is the Greek “no”; kataphemi is “yes.” Apophatic prayer is nay saying, the via negativa. It shuts its eyes so as not to be distracted or diverted from the pure being of God. Kataphatic prayer is yea saying, the via affirmativa. It opens its eyes, letting lights and colors, icons and incense draw us into their, and our, source in God.
There is certainly a place for apophatic prayer: our imaginations are rampant with neurotic lust and escapist longings that get projected against a cosmic widescreen we ignorantly name God. Marvel and miracle, sensation and sentiment, doomsday fear and infantile eroticism are thrown together and made into what we suppose to be a god. Prayers are constantly being addressed out of and to such fantasies. Such prayers need fasting, and plenty of it, to purge them of their fantasies.
But kataphatic prayer is surely normative: the Psalms train us in it, the incarnation confirms it, and the sacraments perpetuate it. The rubric for apophatic prayer is, “fold your hands, bow your head, shut your eyes, and we’ll pray.” But the psalmists are kataphatic to a man, to a woman—they take us to the theater where we see “mountains skip like rams” (Ps. 114:4) and hear “trees clap their hands” (Isa. 55:12); they show us how to pray with our eyes open, wide open.
7. LITURGY
When we go to prayer in the Psalms we find, often to our surprise, that we have been ushered to a pew in the vigorously rich worship of Israel. When David organized Israel into a worshiping congregation, thirty-eight thousand Levites were assigned to provide the leadership and support required (1 Chron. 23:3). Prayer in Israel was not left up to individuals to do or not do as they more or less felt inclined. This was a public works project of impressive dimensions. It was neither private nor peripheral. Common worship takes precedence over private devotions.
Selah, scattered randomly through the Psalms seventy-one times, is the evidence. The word never occurs within the text itself but alongside as a notation in the margin. No one is sure of its exact meaning; scholars guess “pause for a benediction” perhaps, or “louder here—fortissimo! “‘ What is beyond guesswork is that it is telltale evidence of liturgy. Like detectives sifting through clues we find Selah; from it we deduce not a crime but a community. People were gathered together in prayer by and in these psalms. Congregations were assembled in worship. These prayers are not from the pen of solitary mystics; these are the trained voices of choirs lifting their voices in lament and praise, in petition and adoration.
These psalms that teach us to pray are, all of them, prayers of people gathered as a community before God in worship. Some of them most certainly originated in solitude, and all of them have been continued in solitude. But in the form in which they come to us, the only form in which they come to us, and therefore in the way they serve as our school of prayer, they are the prayers of the community before God in worship. Prayer is fundamentally liturgical. Selah, untranslated and untranslatable, strewn through the Psalms, will not let us forget it. If its meaning is an enigma, its use is clear: Selah directed people who were together in prayer to do something or other together. Our prayer book, by the time we get our hands on it, has all these liturgical scribbles in the margins. Biblically, we are not provided with a single prayer for private devotions. The community in prayer, not the individual at prayer, is basic and primary. The Americanization of prayer has reversed this clear biblical (and human!) order. Individuals don’t “make up” the community, they are produced by it. The Psalms return us to this beginning, this original matrix of humanity and spirituality.
Prayer requires community. Prayer is not possible outside of, apart from, or in spite of the praying community. God calls to his people to come before him and hear his word, to obey his commands and receive his blessings. We hear the call and come. We bow our heads and close our eyes. We pray. We open our eyes, look around and see, sometimes to our great surprise, that others are there also. Helmer Ringgren told us bluntly: “The Psalms were not written for private use.” We were not invited, it seems, to a private audience with our God.
The assumption that prayer is what we do when we are alone—the solitary soul before God—is an egregious, and distressingly persistent, error. We imagine a lonely shepherd on the hills composing lyrics to the glory of God. We imagine a beleaguered soul sinking in a swamp of trouble calling for help. But our imaginations betray us. We are part of someth